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The Society of Saint Pius X ''((ラテン語:Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Pii X); (スペイン語:Hermandad Sacerdotal de San Pio X)''; also informally known as SSPX) is an international organisation, founded in 1970 by the French Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, of traditionalist Catholic priests. The head Superior General of the society is Bishop Bernard Fellay. The Society is known as a strong defender and proponent of the Tridentine Mass, along with pious practices, beliefs, customs and religious discipline often associated with the period before the Second Vatican Council, which the society believes promoted erroneous and heretical teachings, on matters such as the liturgical revision, ecumenism, freedom of religion, the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church over other religions and relations with Jews. Accordingly, the society holds that their effort to preserve the Tridentine Mass along with its traditionalist pious practices rescued the value of tradition against modernism and the ongoing laxity of Catholic doctrine detrimentally caused by the Second Vatican Council. Pope Benedict XVI declared that for doctrinal rather than disciplinary reasons, the Society has no canonical status in the Catholic Church and because its lack of canonical status, the ministries exercised by its ministers are not legitimate in the Church.〔"The fact that the Society of Saint Pius X does not possess a canonical status in the Church is not, in the end, based on disciplinary but on doctrinal reasons. As long as the Society (of St Pius X) does not have a canonical status in the Church, its ministers do not exercise legitimate ministries in the Church" ((Pope Benedict XVI, Letter of 10 March 2009 to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the remission of the excommunication of the four bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre). )〕 However, the Society maintains that the Holy See gives some recognition to the canonical existence and ecclesial ministry of the Society's priests.〔According to (an article ) on ''The Remnant'', Bishop Fellay cited as evidence replies of the Holy See to SSPX priests regarding absolution from reserved sins, which in fact, (since 1983, no longer exist ), and the fact that SSPX priests are allowed, after reconciliation, to function as priests, as are, for instance, eastern Christian priests received into the full communion of the Catholic Church.〕 Tensions between the society and the Holy See reached their height in 1988, when Archbishop Lefebvre consecrated four bishops against the orders of Pope John Paul II, resulting in a declaration of excommunication against the bishops who consecrated or were consecrated. However, the excommunication was removed in January 2009〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Office of Congregation for Bishops - Excommunication )〕 with a hope expressed that all members of the society would quickly return to full communion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Catholic News Service )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pope Benedict lifts excommunication of bishops ordained by Lefebvre )〕 Formal discussions between the Holy See and the Society began in 2009 and reached a critical stage in 2012, when Bishop Bernard Fellay rejected the doctrinal document presented to him on 13 June, evaluating a text proposed by the society on 15 April.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Traditionalist SSPX calls Vatican offer 'clearly unacceptable' )〕 Fellay asked Pope Benedict if that document had the Pope's personal approval and the Pope sent him a handwritten letter assuring his direct approval.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rome needs to change its demands if it wants to reach an agreement with SSPX )〕 On 27 June 2013, the society's three remaining bishops (it had expelled Bishop Williamson) formally rejected the Holy See's proposals〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Traditionalists indicate definitive break with Catholic Church )〕 and on 12 October 2013, Bishop Fellay spoke of Pope Francis as a Modernist.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CDF prefect says SSPX in schism, suspended from sacraments )〕〔 Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and President of the Pontifical Commission "Ecclesia Dei", stated on 22 December 2013 that the leaders of the Society are in schism, having departed from communion with the Church, but that the door is open for them if they change their attitude and accept the Catholic Church's conditions and the Pope as the definitive criterion of membership.〔〔 In an interview on 12 February 2014, he added that there is no backdoor for admittance, but only the open door of acceptance of the doctrinal preamble presented to the society in 2012. At present, the Society vehemently rejects any proposition that does not either clarify or ultimately reject the ambiguities of the Second Vatican Council documents. ==Foundation and early history== Like the Traditionalist Catholic movement in general, the SSPX was born out of opposition to changes in the Catholic Church that followed the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). The founder and central figure of the society was the French prelate Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Lefebvre had spent much of his career as a missionary in Africa and served as superior general of the Holy Ghost Fathers from 1962 to 1968. He retired in 1968 when his congregation began to revise its constitutions in a manner that Lefebvre considered to be un-Catholic and Modernist. Shortly after his retirement, Lefebvre was approached by French seminarians in Rome, who saw ourselves as the objects of criticism for their adherence to traditional doctrines. They sought Lefebvre's advice on a conservative seminary where they could complete their studies.〔(The Wanderer Interviews Fr. Aulagnier, SSPX ), Luc Gagnon, September 18, 2003〕 He directed them to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. In 1970, urged by the Abbot of the Abbey of Hauterive and Dominican theologian Father Marie-Dominique Philippe to teach the seminarians personally, Lefebvre approached François Charrière, Bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, with a request to set up a religious society. Charrière granted Lefebvre's request and, with a document predated by six days to 1 November 1970, he established the Society of St. Pius X as a "''pia unio''" on a provisional (''ad experimentum'') basis for six years. ''Pia unio'' status was the first stage through which a Catholic organisation passed prior to gaining official recognition as a religious institute or society of apostolic life. (Since 1983, the term "association of the faithful" has replaced "''pia unio''".) Some Swiss laymen offered the seminary at Ecône to the newly formed group, and in 1971 the first 24 candidates entered, followed by a further 32 in October 1972.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Short History Of The Society Of Saint Pius X )〕 Normally, after a suitable period of experience and consultation with the Holy See, a bishop would raise a ''pia unio'' to official status at diocesan level. Lefebvre attempted to bypass this stage, and contacted three different Vatican departments in order to secure early recognition for his society. He succeeded in obtaining a letter of encouragement from Cardinal John Joseph Wright, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy, but there was no approval from the Vatican congregation responsible for raising an association to the level desired by Lefebvre. Cardinal Wright's letter, dated 18 February 1971, was worded carefully, speaking of the association "as Your Excellency presents it" and saying, with regard to the field of competence of Cardinal Wright's own Congregation, that the association "will be able to contribute much to accomplishing the plan drawn up by this Congregation for worldwide sharing of clergy". It has been claimed that Cardinal Wright was still recommending prospective seminarians to apply to Écône as late as 1973.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SSPXAsia.com: Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre: chp 2: A New Apostolate )〕 The establishment of the SSPX was unwelcome to a number of churchmen, most notably to the French bishops, whose theological outlook was quite different from that of Lefebvre and who had important connections with the Vatican Cardinal Secretary of State, Jean-Marie Villot. Much of the tension between Lefebvre and his critics must be seen in the context of long-term theological, cultural and political divisions between opposing elements of French society. According to Michael Davies, a defender of Lefebvre, at the meeting of the French episcopal conference at Lourdes in 1972, the seminary at Écône acquired the nickname "''le séminaire sauvage''" – the "wildcat seminary", 〔 and by November 1974 the French episcopate had indicated that they would not incardinate any of Lefebvre's priests in their dioceses. They also publicly criticised Catholics who remained attached to the Tridentine Mass.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SSPXAsia.com: Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre: Chapter 4: The Campaign Against Econe )〕 By this time, the SSPX had opened additional seminaries in Armada, Michigan, (1973) and in Rome (1974). The first sign of intervention by curial authorities was a meeting held in the Vatican on 26 March 1974. By June 1974, a commission of cardinals had been formed to inquire into the SSPX. The cardinals decided that a canonical visitation of the seminary should be undertaken and, from 11–13 November 1974, two Belgian priests carried out a visitation. Franz Schmidberger, later superior general of the Society in 1990, said that their report was favourable.〔"Archbishop Lefebvre was told that this examination was very positive and that he just had to come to Rome and clarify some questions."(Conference of Father Franz Schmidberger, superior general of the Society of St. Pius X ) at Rockdale, Sydney, Australia, October 16, 1990, by Father Gerard Hogan and Father François Laisney〕 However, the seminarians and staff at Écône judged some theological opinions that the two priests expressed there to be excessively liberal and greatly shocking. In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation", Lefebvre wrote a "Declaration" in which he strongly attacked what he considered to be liberal trends apparent in the contemporary Church, which (he said) were "clearly evident" in the Council and in the reforms that had followed.〔(The 1974 Declaration of Archbishop Lefebvre )，November 21, 1974〕 This document was leaked and published in January 1975, in the French Traditionalist Catholic journal ''Itinéraires''. By now, Lefebvre was in serious difficulties.〔 In January 1975, Monsignor Pierre Mamie, the Bishop of Fribourg, wrote to Rome stating his intention to withdraw the ''pia unio'' status that his predecessor had granted. In the same month, Lefebvre was asked by the cardinals to come to the Vatican. He met with them twice, on 13 February and 3 March. To Lefebvre's declared surprise, the meetings were hostile in tone: at one point a French cardinal, Gabriel-Marie Garrone, reportedly called him a "fool".〔 On 6 May 1975, with the approval of the cardinals, Bishop Mamie withdrew the SSPX's ''pia unio'' status. Lefebvre instructed his lawyer to lodge appeals and he ultimately petitioned the Apostolic Signatura, the highest court of the Catholic Church, which turned down the complaint. From this point onwards, the SSPX was no longer recognised as an organisation within the Catholic Church. Lefebvre and the leadership of the society have always maintained that he was treated unfairly by the Roman Curia, that the suppression of the SSPX was unjust and also that the procedures followed in its suppression violated the provisions of the Code of Canon Law. The SSPX continued to operate in spite of its dissolution. In the consistory of 24 May 1976, Pope Paul VI rebuked Archbishop Lefebvre by name – reportedly the first time in 200 years that a pope had publicly reprimanded a Catholic bishop – and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.〔Nos igitur iterum adhortamur hos Nostros fratres ac filios, eosque exoramus, ut conscii fiant gravium vulnerum quae secus Ecclesiae illaturi sunt. Invitationem ipsis iteramus, ut secum recogitent gravia Christi monita de Ecclesiae unitate (Cfr. Io. 17, 21 ss.) ac de oboedientia erga legitimum Pastorem, ab Ipso universo gregi praepositum, cum signum oboedientiae sit quae Patri ac Filio debetur (Cfr. Luc. 10, 16). Nos eos aperto corde exspectamus apertisque bracchiis ad eos prompte amplectendos: utinam humilitatis exemplum praebentes, ad gaudium Populi Dei rursus viam unitatis et amoris ingredi valeant! ((Consistory for the creation of twenty new cardinals, 24 May 1976) )〕 Lefebvre announced that he intended to confer ordination on some of his students at the end of June 1976. On 12 June 1976, the Nuncio in Switzerland was given instructions to inform Lefebvre that, by special order of Pope Paul VI, he was forbidden to do so.〔(The suspension ''ab ordinum collatione'' of Archbishop Lefebvre )〕〔Text given in English translation in M. Davies, Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre, p. 194〕 On 25 June 1976, Archbishop Giovanni Benelli, the deputy Secretary of State, wrote directly to Lefebvre, confirming, by special mandate of the Pope, the prohibition to administer the holy orders, and warning him of the canonical penalties for Lefebvre himself and those whom he would ordain.〔〔English translation in M. Davies, Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre, p. 197-199〕 Lefebvre ignored the warnings, and went ahead with the ordinations on 29 June 1976. In the sermon that he delivered on that occasion, Lefebvre explicitly recognized the possibility that he himself would be struck with suspension and the new priests with an irregularity that should theoretically prevent them from saying Mass.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Ordinations of 29 June 1976 )〕 On the next day, 1 July 1976, the Press Office of the Holy See declared that in accordance with canon 2373 of the then Code of Canon Law, Lefebvre was automatically suspended for one year from conferring ordination, and that those whom he had ordained were automatically suspended from the exercise of the order received. It was also announced that the Holy See was examining Lefebvre's disobedience to the orders of the Pope that were communicated by the above-mentioned letters of the Secretariat of State dated 12 and 15 June 1976.〔〔English translation of the statement in M. Davies, Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre, pp. 215-216〕 On 11 July 1976, Lefebvre signed a certificate of receipt of a letter from Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, intimating to him a canonical warning that further penalties would be inflicted on him in accordance with canon 2331 §1 of the then Code of Canon Law concerning obstinate disobedience to legitimate precepts or prohibitions of the Roman Pontiff, unless within ten days of receipt of the letter he took steps "to repair the scandal caused". In a letter of 17 July to Pope Paul VI, Lefebvre declared that he judged his action of 29 June to be legitimate. The Pope considered this response inadequate and on his instructions the Congregation for Bishops, on 22 July 1976, suspended Lefebvre for an indefinite time from all exercise of holy orders.〔(The suspension ''a divinis'' of Archbishop Lefebvre )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Society of St. Pius X」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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